@蓬管3805：明末孙承宗是怎么死的:76岁的高龄被活活勒死
訾物18147638304…… 孙承宗可以说是被勒死的.在崇祯十一年(1638年),清军又一次入关进攻中原,十一月,进攻孙承宗老家北直隶保定高阳(今河北省保定市高阳县).赋闲在家的孙承宗(76岁)率全城军民守城,城破被擒,自缢而死(《初学集》、《明史》及民国版《高阳县志》等均持此说,另一说为清兵所杀).最可怜的是他的五个儿子,六个孙子,两个侄子,八个侄孙全部于此役战死.而且孙家满门百余人全部遇难殉国.可以称得上是满门忠烈了.
@蓬管3805：训治崇祯到现在有多少年 -
訾物18147638304…… 明思宗朱由检(1610年-1644年),明朝第十六位皇帝,明朝亡国之君.号崇祯,现在是2012年,距现在402到368年.
@蓬管3805：黄世俊是不是明末状元? -
訾物18147638304…… 是黄士俊,明末状元. 黄士俊(1570年—1661年),字亮坦,一字象甫,号玉嵛,广东顺德甘竹右滩人,福建莆田黄岸三十五世裔孙.明万历三十五年丁未(1607年),殿试第一、状元及第,任修撰.历官宫谕少詹,升礼部侍郎,晋礼部尚书.崇祯九年(1636年)为礼部尚书,兼东阁大学士,入阁参预机务(行相事).历太子太保,文渊阁大学士,少傅兼太子太傅,十一年(1638年)罢相.后相永历帝,年过九十,不能决事,辞职归乡.永历十五年(清顺治十八年,1661年),卒于家,谥文裕.被后人戏称为“鸭蛋状元”. 希望采纳!谢谢!
@蓬管3805：明朝未期的军费每个人是多少. -
訾物18147638304…… 是在找不到了每个人的,只有总体而言崇祯十一年(1638年)九月至十二年三月,清兵数次绕境蒙古长驱直入内地,杨嗣昌提议征派“练饷”七百三十万两.此即明末三饷,辽饷、剿饷、练饷三项...
@蓬管3805：《天工开物》的作者生于哪个朝代? -
訾物18147638304…… 明朝末年,宋应星所写,初刊于1637年(明崇祯十年). 宋应星(1587年-1666年),字长庚,汉族,江西奉新北乡雅溪牌坊村人,明朝著名科学家.英国汉学家与历史学家李约瑟称他为:“中国的狄德罗”.代表作有《天工开物》、《野议》等.
@蓬管3805：历史上清朝的统治时间长还是明朝长? -
訾物18147638304…… 明朝长一些.明朝1638年—1644年,清朝1644年—1911年
@蓬管3805：明末清初的历史 -
訾物18147638304…… 袁崇焕被杀 1630年9月22日(明崇祯三年八月癸亥) 洪承畴降清 崇祯十五年(1642年)三月被俘,五月四日,降皇太极 皇太极死 1643年(清崇德八年,明崇祯十六年八月初九(9月21日) 李自成入京 1644年(崇祯十七年)三月十九日 南明...
清初著名诗人吴伟业是崇祯四年（1631）的进士，历任东宫讲读官、南京国子监司业、左中允、左谕德兼侍讲、左庶子，明清易代之际避乱乡间。顺治十年（1653），吴伟业迫于各种压力不得不仕清，在朝代鼎革的巨变中，其屈节背后的惶恐与羞惭可见一斑。
到了顺治十三年（1656），吴伟业已经四十六岁了，这年的七月，他在北京写下了一首特别的长诗——《画中九友歌》。
吴伟业在诗中描绘了明末清初九位极负盛名的文人画家：董其昌、王时敏、王鉴、李流芳、杨文骢、张学曾、程嘉燧、卞文瑜和邵弥，当时王时敏、王鉴、张学曾尚在，另外六人都已去世，诗中颇有一种感情寄托，表达出诗人慷慨超然的气度。自从吴伟业写出这首《画中九友歌》后，就广为流传，后世陆续有人专门赋诗而和，如赵彦修次韵作《画中九友歌》，叶恭绰作《后画中九友歌》。 如果想要收集齐一套“画中九友”集册需要多长时间？一代鉴藏大家吴湖帆给出的答案是十五年。这套其在民国年间花费巨资而汇成的《画中九友集册》首次现身中国嘉德香港2023春拍《众山皆响——画中九友集册》巨献专场，成为本季春拍最受瞩目的重磅拍品之一。
(一)1926年，王时敏册于有正书局印行单册，1939年吴湖帆曾筹资于商务印书馆出版九友画册。现存可见:
(二) 诸册均载于《吴氏书画记》。《吴湖帆文稿》,中国美术学院出版社，2004年版。分别为：
1、《明董文敏仿古山水册》，第五册，第442、455页
2、《明程孟阳偈庵墨戏册》，第六册，第466、467页
3、《明李檀园仿古山水册》，第六册，第466、468-469页
4、《明杨龙友万历三才诗画册》，第六册，第466、470-473页
5、《明王烟客仿古十家册》，第六册，第466、480-483页
6、《明王玄照壬子仿古山水册》，第六册，第466、485-487页
7、《明邵瓜畴众山皆响册》，第六册，第466、第491-493页
8、《明卞润甫仿古山水册》，第六册，第466、第493-494页
9、《明张尔唯书画册》，第六册，第466、第494-495页
(三) 王季迁、孔达合编《明清画家印鉴》中，董其昌、李流芳、卞文瑜、杨文骢、王时敏、王鉴部分印鉴即取自“九友册”。见《明清画家印鉴》，香港大学，1966年版
(四) 上海博物馆编《中国书画家印鉴款识》中，杨文骢、董其昌、张学曾、程嘉燧、王时敏部分印鉴即取自 “九友册”。见《中国书画家印鉴款识》，文物出版社，1987年版
(五) 李流芳、王时敏册见于:徐邦达著《古书画过眼要录 ·元明清书法》，第460、499页，紫禁城出版社， 2006年版
(六) 王时敏册见于：陆心源著《穰梨馆过眼续录》卷十四，《中国历代书画艺术论著丛编》上海书画出版社， 2009年版
(七) 王时敏册见于：端方著《壬寅消夏录》，卷十六
(八) 杨文骢册见于：白坚著《杨文骢传论》，第113、155、219页，上海书画出版社，1990年版
(九) 李流芳自题中谈及张廷棫以画索题，最后画卷遗失，只能重新再作一册。关于此事的题跋，收录于《檀园集》第12卷，行文有多处改动。此事亦见于寒星、永祁编《李流芳年谱》。载上海书画社刊行之《朵云》第29期，1991年版
(十) 邵弥册见于：关冕钧著《三秋阁书画录》，1928年版
九友之间彼此多有联系，其中以董其昌与王时敏最为亲密。吴伟业为王时敏所作《王奉常七十寿序》：“云间董宗伯玄宰、陈征君眉公，相国之高弟，而编修公执友也，折辈行与游。”相国是王时敏的祖父王锡爵，编修公是王时敏父亲王衡，万历十七年（1589）董其昌考中进士，当时的首辅正是王锡爵，之后董其昌与王家走动频繁，并教导年幼的王时敏学画。董其昌多次在王时敏的作品上题跋，夸他“洗尽吴中习气”、“笔墨清润，皴擦古淡，直得北苑神髓，即宋四大家不能过也”。
相比于王时敏，王鉴与董其昌的相识时间略晚。崇祯七年（1634），王鉴随董其昌泊舟京口，到收藏家张觐宸家中拜观了黄公望的一件名作《秋山图》。两年后，王鉴又到董其昌家中看画，此行见到了赵孟頫《鹊华秋色图》等名作，王鉴对于这些经历在画作中常有回忆，可见对他的影响之深。
王时敏与王鉴并称“二王”，两人经常互相赠画并作跋。崇祯十年（1637），王时敏为王鉴《秋山图轴》题跋，崇祯十一年（1638）又题王鉴《仿黄公望山水轴》，誉为“当今画家不得不推为第一”。王鉴以“染香”为号，也是由王时敏所命名。顺治十年（1653），王鉴还将得意弟子王翚推荐给了王时敏。康熙三年（1664），王鉴为王时敏所作《山水》作跋，赞为“画得子久，前惟董文敏，近独奉常烟翁。”
九友之中，李流芳去世较早，卒于崇祯二年（1629），当年的四月初一，董其昌为李流芳《花卉竹石册》题跋：“李孝廉长蘅清修素心人也……长蘅以山水擅长，予所服膺，乃其写生，又有别趣。如此册者竹石花卉之类无所不备，出入宋元，逸气飞动，嗟嗟其人千古，其技千古。”可见董其昌对李流芳绘画的肯定。
李流芳与程嘉燧为中表兄弟，二人与娄坚、唐时升合称“嘉定四先生”。万历三十二年（1604），二人同寓京口。三年后，同游松江泖上九峰。李流芳自称“看孟阳（程嘉燧）吟诗作画，此吾平生第一快事。”李流芳去世后，钱谦益作墓志铭，程嘉燧书丹，程嘉燧还写下一篇感人至深的奠文：“求其文字之知，俱通绘事，志尚之外，同誓皈心，少而懽焉，久而弥笃，素交之内，唯兄一人。”
杨文骢曾在松江追随董其昌学画，董其昌也多次为他的画作题跋，如崇祯七年（1634）题杨文骢《仿元人山水轴》：“龙友此图，笔墨圆润，士气作家俱备，大类王叔明《青卞图》，妙绝！妙绝！”崇祯八年（1635）题杨文骢《山水卷》《湖山图轴》，崇祯九年题杨文骢《山水轴》《寿陈白庵山水卷》。杨文骢也为董其昌的作品作跋，如题董其昌《苑西墨禅室山水卷》“真得宋人三昧”。
吴伟业在朝为官时，杨文骢的名声并不佳，并且与被视为奸臣的马士英沾亲，与吴伟业也无深交。南明弘光时，杨文骢拥立福王有功，得到重用，任兵备副使，监军镇江。顺治三年（1646），杨文骢慷慨护国，兵败被杀，赢得了时人广泛的赞誉，或许因此缘故，吴伟业最终将他列入“画中九友”。
崇祯八年（1635），董其昌为程嘉燧题其《仿云林图》：“云林得笔于关仝，孟阳得笔于云林，此图简淡高古，无半点习气，当为神品，宜宝之。其昌观因题。”
董其昌与邵弥的来往，主要材料就是见于此次中国嘉德《画中九友集册》之邵弥《众山皆响册》的题跋：“僧弥兄精于玄门秘术，又善绘事。此册生平得意之作，元季四家不使独称擅长。其昌题。”
顺治七年（1650），王时敏筑西庐，其中的大幅壁画出自卞文瑜的手笔，王时敏作诗《润甫卞翁为余茅庵画壁，高妙直追董巨，歌以纪之》，也见于《奉常公年谱》的记载：“延画友卞润甫（名文瑜，长洲人）绘壁，高妙直追董巨公，作长歌纪之。招书城、梅村、摄六诸公觞咏其中，属和成帙。”吴伟业也在列，《西田招饮诗》提到卞文瑜作画一事。
康熙元年（1662），王鉴为卞文瑜《仿古山水册》题跋：“先生学画凡五十载，惟知赵文度一派。晚年始与余交，及遇娄东奉常烟翁，乃见画中董、巨及元季四家真迹。每至娄中观古人画，则伏卧其下，不忍释手。”可见王鉴与卞文瑜相识较晚。
张学曾于顺治十二年（1655）正月任苏州知府，十二月被弹劾离任，见于《吴县志》卷七记载。而根据《王巢松年谱》，王时敏在本年携子前去拜访过张学曾：“顺治十二年乙未。张尔唯为吾苏郡伯，元夕后莅任。与大人有旧谊，余父子抵关迎之。”王抃说二人有旧谊，可参考中国嘉德2022秋拍推出的王时敏、杨文骢、张学曾、恽向合作的《四贤山水合卷》。
《画中九友歌》中的王鉴、邵弥为五句，其余七人为四句，并注明每人的字号。这九人的身份其实各不相同，有被追谥为“文敏”的艺坛领袖董其昌，有已经为国捐躯的烈士杨span class="bjh-strong">而吴伟业都能做到以最简约的笔墨刻画出人物的鲜明特征，张弛有度，十分传神。
董其昌《丙辰七锦册》作于万历四十四年（1616），时年六十二岁。本年发生了“民抄董宦”事件，董氏“四宅焚如，家资若扫”，此册作于当年九月，民怨已经平息。
吴湖帆在1934年题跋称，董其昌设色画甚少，如《秋兴八景册》（上海博物馆藏）就是仿自赵孟頫，纯用设色。《丙辰七锦册》有三帧为设色，也是从赵孟頫法度中来，用笔、构图与《秋兴八景册》近似。
第一开款署“卢鸿草堂图樾馆”，卢鸿《草堂十志图》藏于故宫博物院，吴湖帆1932年见过原作，他认为董其昌笔下的《樾馆》神似原作，董氏自称笔法妙在率意，此作正妙在不率意。此册原有七开，1936年又收得《西岩图》，笔势苍古，尺幅稍长，宽度相同，笔致相类，吴湖帆将其合装一起。
王时敏《仿宋元山水册》分别仿吴廷晖、黄公望（3次）、董源、赵孟頫、米芾、王蒙、吴镇、倪瓒，共十开。有王鉴、释正喦对题，宋荦题旧签“王奉常仿古十图”，陈伯陶、夏敬观、吴湖帆、王同愈题跋。
第一开仿吴廷晖，王鉴于康熙十年（1671）评为“烟翁此图虽仿廷晖，实得赵文敏三昧，运笔遒美，设色华
王鉴《仿宋元山水册》分别仿惠崇、巨然、赵大年、江贯道、赵伯驹、高克恭、赵孟頫、曹知白、黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙等，共十二开，吴湖帆、王同愈题跋。1937年江浙遭遇兵乱，此册由松江故家流出，辗转至上海，“汲古阁”古董店老板曹友卿持来相示。
吴湖帆十余年来所见王鉴画册有二十三本之多，以此本为“惟一完美”，开卷神采焕发，友人孙邦瑞力劝买入以配王时敏《仿宋元山水册》。吴湖帆自小爱画若命，尤爱王时敏、王鉴，面对如此尤物，终以高价入藏。
王同愈评价极高：“廉州此册，连施重彩至六叶之多，涣烂溢目，生平所仅见。大年一幅生面别开，尤为神妙。叹观之也。”
李流芳《仿宋元山水册》作于天启二年（1622），时年四十八岁，分别仿巨然、高克恭、赵令穰、吴镇、倪瓒、米友仁、董源、徐贲、黄公望、柯九思，每开皆有对题，另有两开自跋。此册为张子薪、萧孟昉、宋荦、陈淮、陈崇本、孙毓汶、唐鸿昌旧藏，孙毓汶题签，吴湖帆、顾树森、郭兰枝、冯超然题跋。1934年，吴湖帆以毛氏汲古阁影宋钞宋词三种从蒋谷孙处换来，定为李
杨文骢《万历三才册》作于崇祯九年（1636），时年四十岁，有董其昌对题四处，题画心四处，杨文骢自题，加上陈继儒题跋，故称“万历三才”。樊增祥、黄彭年、吴湖帆、郭兰枝、冯超然题跋。此册款署“丙子春三月舟中画并题”，可知画作于崇祯九年三月，董其昌题字必在此后。
杨、董关系非同一般，本年董其昌多次为杨文骢画作题字，正月题杨文骢《山水轴》（见《过云楼书画记》卷五），九月题杨文骢《陈白庵山水卷》（上海博物馆藏），《万历三才册》的出现又为二人的交往提供了一条珍贵材料。
吴湖帆题跋：“观此可知龙友本领不在香光之下，真迹传世不及董氏十一。如此册者岂非天球河图，人间至宝者耶！”吴湖帆认为杨文骢的水平不在董其昌下，存世作品却远远不及董其昌，特为其抱不平。
程嘉燧《偈庵墨戏册》作于崇祯十一年（1638），时年七十四岁，画六开，另有一开为三年（1641）后的自题。
吴湖帆认为“九友”中程嘉燧仅次于董其昌，王时敏、李流芳对他都较为尊崇，还提到凑齐此册的意外之喜。最初他只是从钱镜塘处见到六开绘画，画品既超，笔法亦高，数年后最终买下。买到之后，友人孙伯渊来观，提起收到偈庵书笺一叶，尺寸相近，拿来之后，
张学曾《书画集锦册》，一书一画都是崇祯十五年（1642）为敬君而作，另有一开无款山水，“虽无款识，赏其笔墨，是真迹无疑。”以及崇祯二年（1629）的行书《喜雨亭记》。陆润之、邓实等人旧藏，狄平子题签，吴湖帆、郭兰枝题跋。
吴湖帆特别感叹，在“画中九友”中，张学曾最少见。宣统年间神州国光社影印过一本，当时吴湖帆尚幼，不知其名贵，如今影本都难找。吴兴庞氏藏有《秋兴八景》册，不仅无款，而且绢素黯敝，吴湖帆好不容易收集到数帧，狄平子见而叹道：难得！难得！
卞文瑜《仿宋元山水册》作于顺治二年（1645），分别仿董源、王蒙、曹知白、黄公望、吴镇等，共十开。王鸣韶、章倬、秦祖永、吴湖帆、王同愈、郭兰枝、冯超然题跋。章倬评为“此册骨气淡雅，神韵秀逸，虽子久诸君亦不能不让其出一头地也。”秦祖永评为“此册计共十页，笔墨松秀静逸，无美不臻，真元人法乳。”吴湖帆1933年得到此册，认为极为难得：“卞花龛亲炙香光，故无笔不浑，无墨不韵。梅村《九友歌》中已推崇，谓笔力凌沧州。三百年后获此，岂非厚幸！”
邵弥《众山皆响册》画八开，有邵弥（5次）、文从简（2次）、钱谦益对题，因董其昌题“众山皆响”而得名。张若霭、果亲王、励宗万、屈颂满、翁之缮、毛志訒、关冕钧、蒋祖诒等旧藏，果亲王题签，翁同龢、吴湖帆、王同愈题跋。
此册原为关冕钧旧藏，关氏去世后，下落不明，后蒋谷孙告知下落，吴湖帆辗转而得，评为“其山水每喜用绢本，故多湿笔，余所见大半如此。独此册以圆锋带渴为之，弥不精彩焕发，楮墨之间尤见神韵超绝。洵为晚岁仅有之作。”
对于画史而言，虽然“画中九友”不是一个严格的画派，却为学界广泛接受，郑午昌《中国画学全史》、俞建华《中国绘画史》都以“画中九友”为清初山水画的肇始。民国年间，甚至出现了仿效吴伟业《画中九友歌》而成的“后画中九友”“民国九友”等称呼。
因此，某种程度上说，中国绘画史是由一代代鉴藏家所构建而成的。
1928年，叶恭绰与吴湖帆相识，之后二人往来较多。吴湖帆曾将叶恭绰的来信整理为《积玉集》，其中有关于叶恭绰所作《后画中九友歌》的讨论，叶恭绰开列的九人有过不同筛选，最终定下的名单是齐白石、黄宾虹、夏敬观、吴湖帆、冯超然、溥心畬、余绍宋、张大千、邓诵先，这也是与吴湖帆沟通与商榷的结果。
对于吴湖帆而言，介入“画中九友”的收藏还有着不平凡的意义，也是家学渊源的延续。早在光绪年间，吴湖帆的祖父吴大澂写过一篇《画中七友歌》，他罗列的画家为顾沄、许镛、顾潞、陆恢、金心兰、倪田、顾麟士，自然是对吴伟业《画中九友歌》的借鉴。对于吴湖帆本人而言，他以“四王吴恽”为清代画坛正宗，也认同吴伟业提出的“画中九友”，在他本人的收藏中，董其昌与四王的作品也是最丰富的。
其实，搜集“画中九友”并不是从吴湖帆开始的，活动于清光绪年间的魏锡曾《绩语堂题跋》就提到“凡集前贤手迹成册如‘嘉定四先生’之缺唐，‘画中九友’之缺卞，难得完备，不独宋四家艰致君谟。”
1934年2月1日的日记中，吴湖帆记录下萌生汇集《画中九友集册》的念头：“得董文敏画册七帧，其中一没骨、一青绿、余四叶皆墨，六十二岁作，笔墨之精与《秋兴八景》大册仿佛，但尺寸较小耳。好在余旧藏样龙友三绝册、卞文瑜一册大小一列，亦凑合也。遂生画中九友册之奢望，不知何日克遂此愿。”
吴湖帆先是收集成了《画中九友画箑》（南京博物院藏），1939年由商务印书馆出版，不过相比于《画中九友集册》，毕竟还不是同一个体量与等级。历经十五年，吴湖帆以一己之力最终完成了《画中九友集册》的收藏，对于建构21世纪艺术史“画中九友”专题而言，是一个奇迹。
江苏省国画院研究员黄朋认为：“这套集册不仅有艺术史的内涵，又倾注着藏家的生活感受，是非常丰富、有意义的藏品。以吴湖帆为代表的研究性收藏，对于画史的贡献巨大。也正是有赖于这些历代藏家将艺术史重要的艺术流派搜集、整理、保存下来，使得后人不只在书上看到，而是真正能体会到这些艺术的感染力。”
知名美术史学者汤哲明提到：“这套《画中九友集册》是中国收藏史上的奇迹，既是收藏也是再造。这种“加题”记录的收藏方式从吴门画派开始真正有这一意识，这与吴湖帆所秉承的传统一脉相承。能做到如此高度与复杂程度，绝无仅有，吴湖帆是超过前人的。”
著名书画家、鉴赏家萧平对此给予了高度评价：“这套集册的体量为全国公私收藏中前所未见。九友中有些艺术家的作品很难收集，收藏一张都不易。这套集册在市场中的重现，是中国收藏界、艺术市场的重要发现。它的艺术价值与收藏价值，都头等重要，毫无疑问。”
原标题：从董其昌到邵弥，何以“众山皆响”？明末清初画中九友往事来源：中国嘉德
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